Deforestation Presentation Salar

TheWorldCounts, 15 April, 2014 Our Blue and Green Planet What makes our planet so different from the rest? It’s the only one tinged in green thanks to our forests. Our rainforests were here long before we humans ever existed on our planet. It is home to thousands of species of plants, animals and home to indigenous forest people.

1. Deforestation Presentation Salaries
2. Deforestation Slides

Now because of us, our forests are almost gone. This 'disappearing' is also known as deforestation. And it is hurting the planet. Why Deforestation Hurts Deforestation is when trees are chopped down to clear a forest so the land can be used for other purposes. The trees can eventually grow back, but at the rate we’re cutting them down, they can’t grow fast enough. Tropical deforestation is the 2 nd biggest contributor to climate change.

We will share with you some deforestation facts and statistics, to show you how it affects our environment and how we can help stop it. Fast Forest Facts. 13 million hectares of forest have been converted for other uses or destroyed by natural causes. While I’m writing this, almost 3 hectares have been cleared. Up to 28,000 species can go extinct in the next quarter century due to deforestation. By the year 2030, we might only have 10% of Rainforests left and it can all disappear in a hundred years. 10% of the world’s forests are now protected areas.

These areas of growth have led to the deforestation of tropical forests, a process that contributes. By the incentives that are presented to settlers to guide their efforts toward clearing new forest areas. Marginal product equals the salary.

This is roughly the size of India. Tropical Rainforests store more than 210 gigatons of carbon and deforestation is the cause of 15% of carbon emissions. Cures for diseases have been found in plants and the raw materials come from our tropical rainforests. Our Reasons for Cutting Down Trees Agriculture Farmers need more land to plant their crops and for livestock to graze on. They often clear acres of trees in what is called “slash and burn technique”. They chop down the trees and burn them.

Logging Trees are cut down to provide the wood and paper requirements of our ever growing population. In the process of harvesting the wood, trees have to be cleared to give access to logging equipments, as well. Illegal logging is now being strictly implemented and most business are moving into a paper free environment. Bio Fuels The rising popularity of Palm Oil and its increased value is the main cause of deforestation in Malaysia and Indonesia. Palm oil is used in food and beauty products. Many countries are debating whether Palm Oil Should be banned as a bio-fuel. Soy, Ethanol and other biofuel plantations play a major part in the loss of our forests.

For Fuel Most developing countries use firewood and charcoal for heating their homes and cooking their food. Roads and Highways Our progress required that we travelled from one place to another the fastest possible way. This means roads and highways. Mining A lot of forested areas are rich in minerals and are vulnerable to mining operations.

What are trees, compared to gold or diamonds? A World without Trees Unimaginable, isn’t it?

But the barrenness of a world without trees is not the only reason for concern. Global Warming is caused by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide being released into our atmosphere in great amounts.

Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while at the same time producing oxygen and releasing water vapor into the atmosphere. We’ve destroyed only half of our forests and we’re already feeling the effects of global warming.

What if there isn’t a single tree left? Loss of Habitat 70% of our world’s plant and animal species live in forests.

Whenever we clear acres of them, they lose their habitat and die. Indigenous forest people who’ve lived there for the longest time are being deprived of their home.

Flooding and Erosion Areas that have been deforested are prone to flooding because of the absence of tree roots to hold the soil down. Since the soil is more exposed to the sun, it eventually dries out and cannot be used for farming. Erosion also causes contaminants in the soil to make their way into our water supply – contaminating streams and lakes and other water sources. This decreases the quality of our drinking water. We cannot afford to lose more of our forests. We need to do our share to help stop it now before we suffer the devastating consequences. Save Our Trees Governments, non-profit organizations like The World Wildlife Fund and Amazon Watch, are working hard to fight deforestation.

Due to their efforts, deforestation has decreased but we still have a long way to go. Can your efforts really help save our forests? Yes, they can!

Plant more Trees Encourage your friends in your community to plant a tree and help keep your local forest safe (If you have one in your area). Every patch of green is worth saving.

Exercise your Power as a Consumer Put pressure on companies that are destroying forests to manufacture their products by not buying from them. Support brands with zero deforestation policies and environment friendly products and encourage people to do the same. Be aware and ask how the products you buy are being made. Practice the 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse and Recycle to lower the need for more raw materials from Trees. Take a Stand on Political Issues Write to your local government officials on the topic of deforestation and tree cutting in your area. Ask them to create more parks.

Support Non-Profit Organizations Donate a small amount to non-profit organizations to enable them to continue their fight against deforestation. They need all the help they can get. There’s a poem that goes. “ I think that I shall never see, A poem lovely as a Tree.” There really is nothing lovelier in nature. Let’s help save our trees. References.

Lake Ontario once supported a large complex of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) populations that became extinct prior to scientific study. Since the 1860s, research efforts to conserve and reintroduce a sustainable population of Atlantic Salmon have focused on determining whether Lake Ontario’s original salmon populations had migrated to the Atlantic Ocean as part of their lifecycle (anadromy), stayed in the lake year-round (potamodromy), or both. We used stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analyses of archaeological bones and historical museum-archived salmon scales to show that the original salmon populations from Lake Ontario completed their entire lifecycle without migrating to the Atlantic Ocean. With a time depth of more than 500 years, our findings provide a unique baseline with significant potential for informing modern restocking and conservation efforts. Before 1850, Lake Ontario, the most easterly of the North American Great Lakes, supported a unique complex of Atlantic Salmon populations ( Salmo salar; hereafter Lake Ontario salmon) that formed the basis of an immense subsistence and commercial freshwater fishery. Salmon had been exploited in the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River watersheds since at least the early Holocene,; however, by 1900, they had disappeared.

In addition to overharvesting, historical observers attributed the decline of Lake Ontario salmon to other human impacts, such as escalating river pollution, poaching, deforestation, and a loss of spawning habitat. The precipitous and highly visible decline of the Lake Ontario salmon gained broad significance as a catalyst for the scientific development of North American fisheries management. When a vital aquatic resource is lost, baseline biological information about the behaviours of the original population can be a crucial asset not only for historical ecologists but also for conservation biologists and their reintroduction efforts. Following the idea that it was behavioural, rather than biological, differences that made Lake Ontario salmon unique among Atlantic Salmon, generations of researchers have sought out and debated clues about their behavioural ecology in relation to other populations of Atlantic Salmon,.

Over the past 150 years, analyses of historical observations and opinions have provided a basis for multiple, and often contradictory, interpretations of Lake Ontario salmon behavioural ecology (for a review, see ). The most controversial question, which remained unanswered, has been whether Lake Ontario salmon migrated to the Atlantic Ocean as part of their lifecycle (anadromy), stayed in the lake year-round (potamodromy), or both. We use stable carbon ( δ 13C), nitrogen ( δ 15N), and sulphur ( δ 34S) isotope analyses of archaeological bone and historical scale remains from the extinct populations of Lake Ontario salmon to reveal key aspects of their behavioural ecology.

Isotopic analyses of salmon remains from Iroquoian and European sites , spanning the period 1300 to 1840 AD along the northwest shore of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River, provide direct evidence of salmon migratory behaviour and reveal that their behavioural ecology was more complex than historical eyewitness accounts describe,.

Our data provide a new baseline that may be helpful to salmon reintroduction and conservation efforts in the region,. We expected that the migratory behaviour of Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario could be revealed through analyses of their isotopic values, which can indicate if they had lived primarily in a freshwater (low δ 13C and δ 34S values) or marine (high δ 13C and δ 34S values) environment. Our hypothesis was that Lake Ontario salmon would follow either an anadromous or a potomodromous behavioural strategy. 1 – Steven Patrick, 2 – Skyway, 3 –Robb, 4 – Joseph Picard, 5 – Yatsihsta’, 6 – Bathurst St., 7 – Grandview, 8 – Moatfield, 9 – Summerstown Station, 10 – Mailhot-Curran, 11 – Bishop’s Block, 12 – Trull, 13 – Ashbridge.

For cultural affiliation, Late Woodland includes Iroquoian sites dating from approx. AD 1300–1550, and Euro-Canadian includes historical European settlement sites dating from approx. AD 1790–1900. Data from Grandview and Moatfield are from published literature. Figure created by AH using ArcGIS Desktop, Release 10. The archaeological results follow the isotopic pattern expected for anadromous and potamodromous behaviours and provide the first direct evidence for assessing the longstanding debate over the migratory behaviour of Lake Ontario’s extinct Atlantic Salmon populations.

Remarkably uniform stable carbon and sulphur isotope data for salmon bones from nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian and pre-contact Aboriginal archaeological sites around western Lake Ontario confirm that this unique salmon stock behaved potamodromously and also show that baseline isotopic values for top pelagic predators remained stable (particularly for δ 13C) for at least the last 500 years prior to European settlement. This evidence supports historical hypotheses (see ) suggesting that, although Lake Ontario salmon may have encountered no physical barrier to returning to the Atlantic Ocean, Lake Ontario was sufficiently large and productive that unique local salmon populations evolved a behavioural adaptation to complete their entire life cycle in freshwater, without undertaking the metabolically costly journey up the St. Lawrence River. Moreover, the unanimous agreement of all Lake Ontario salmon bone δ 13C and δ 34S data from sites spread over roughly 100 km and spanning more than 500 years suggests that potamodromy was not only the dominant but also a stable behavioural strategy from at least the beginning of the Little Ice Age until the population’s extinction.

This suggests that the salmon populations spawning in the tributaries entering north-western shore of Lake Ontario (i.e., the end farthest from the St. Lawrence River) were relatively isolated with respect to genetic admixture from their anadromous counterparts. Our dataset also reveals clear evidence, at least with respect to geographical proximity, for the potential mixing of Lake Ontario resident salmon and anadromous salmon travelling up the St.

Lawrence River. Limited δ 13C and δ 34S data available from sites on the upper St. Lawrence River provides a surprisingly clear example of fish with anadromous isotopic signatures that are, in the context of the length of the entire St. Lawrence watercourse, only a short distance from Lake Ontario. It is plausible that, having travelled most of the length of the St. Lawrence River, these salmon could have completed the journey, perhaps to make use of Lake Ontario’s eastern tributaries on the New York state side of Lake Ontario for spawning. Regardless, these data highlight the potential for future analyses focusing on salmon from sites around eastern Lake Ontario to explore salmon population mixing, which could have important implications, both genetically and behaviourally, for understanding and reviving or replacing Lake Ontario’s unique salmon.

Returning to the issue of conservation, our results provide important contextual information for ongoing and future attempts to reintroduce a sustainable population of Atlantic Salmon to Lake Ontario. One strategy that has been proposed to repopulate Lake Ontario with Atlantic Salmon is to use a source population with a similar range of behavioural traits, in particular, similar migratory behaviour. Up until now there has always been some uncertainty around the migratory strategy of the Lake Ontario populations. Our research shows unequivocally that these fish were potamodromous, rather than anadromous. Methodological Approach Established biogeochemical methods that have been used to identify marine and freshwater migratory behaviours in modern fish populations, such as strontium isotope or calcium/strontium ratio analyses, could be problematic for archaeological contexts where concentrations of these elements may be prone to diagenetic alteration in bone mineral, particularly for more-porous fish bone. In contrast, δ 13C, δ 15N, and δ 34S analyses of fish bone collagen have well-established criteria for assessing sample integrity in archaeological contexts where diagenesis may be a problem, and are also well suited for reconstructing ecosystem nutrient relationships, as well as identifying marine and freshwater migratory behaviour. Sample Description Lake Ontario salmon samples came from: 1) archaeological bones from 9 sites near western Lake Ontario and 2 sites near the upper St.

Lawrence River, all from contexts dating between 1300 and 1840 AD (; ) as well as 2) historical scales from 7 nineteenth-century Atlantic Salmon skin mounts archived at the Royal Ontario Museum. Taxonomic identifications for salmon bones were made by zooarchaeologists as part of academic research or Cultural Resource Management archaeological projects. Taxonomic identifications were reconfirmed based on visual and morphological comparisons with a modern reference collection by three ichthyoarchaeological experts (SN, AH, and MC) for this research. Where possible, bone samples were selected based on Minimum Number of Individual counts per archaeologically unique context to ensure that each sample represents a distinct individual salmon. In the few instances where this was not possible, samples were taken from separate excavation units to minimize the likelihood of sampling the same individual salmon multiple times. Our sampling efforts identified a total 74 confirmed archaeological S.

Salar bones from relevant archaeological contexts that were made available for isotopic analyses. Because the organic components of both bone and scales are composed primarily of Type I collagen, these two sample types are directly comparable, and both represent long-term dietary intake. Comparative data from modern Atlantic Salmon scales, as well as European, and North American archaeological bones were sourced from previously published studies and are supplemented by new analyses of a single European Atlantic Salmon individual from an Early Christian context from the site of Knowth in Ireland.

Morphological analyses of scales from 5 of the 7 nineteenth-century Atlantic Salmon skin mounts were used to provide a second line of evidence for salmon origin and were conducted at the National Marine Fisheries Service (Narragansett, RI, USA) using established methods,. Sample Preparation Scales were cleaned prior to isotopic analyses with a scalpel and sonicated in deionized water for 15 min, in acetone for 5–10 min, and again in deionized water for 3 × 15 min to remove adhering fats, tissue, guanine, and other potential contaminants. Cleaned scales were soaked in 1.2 M HCl for 2 min followed by additional rinses in an ultrasonic bath of deionized water 2 × 3–5 min. Demineralizing of the external plate should loosen it from the underlying collagen-rich fibrillar plate, thus helping to ensure the complete removal of any contaminants that may have been applied to or settled upon the external surfaces of the salmon skin mounts. Bones were cleaned of surface materials and cut into small chunks (c.

Samples were then treated three times with 2:1 chloroform-methanol in an ultrasonic bath (5–10 min each) to remove residual lipids. Sample demineralization was then achieved by soaking samples in 0.5 M HCl. Samples were then rinsed in Type I water to neutrality, and base-soluble contaminants were removed by treating samples with 0.1 M NaOH several times in an ultrasonic bath (solution refreshed every 15 min until solution remained clear).

Samples were again rinsed in Type I water to neutrality and then solubilized in 10 −3 M HCl (pH 3) in a heating block (at 75 °C) for 48 h. The solution was then purified using 45–90 μm mesh filters to remove particulates (Elkay Laboratory Products, Basingstoke, UK) and 10 kDa MWCO filters (Pall Corporation, Port Washington, NY, USA) to remove low molecular weight contaminants. The solution containing the 10 kDa fraction was frozen and lyophilized. Stable Isotope Analysis Bone collagen stable isotope analyses were performed in duplicate on 0.5 mg collagen samples for δ 13C and δ 15N analyses and, where collagen yield allowed, 6.0 mg samples for δ 34S. For scales, duplicate analyses were performed on collagen from two separate scales per individual. For δ 13C and δ 15N analyses, samples were combusted in tin capsules in an Elementar vario MICRO cube elemental analyzer coupled to an Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer in continuous flow mode. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were calibrated relative to VPDB and AIR using USGS40 and USGS41.

Deforestation Presentation Salaries

Deforestation Slides

For δ 34S analyses, samples were combusted in tin capsules with 1 mg of V 2O 5 in an Elementar vario MICRO cube elemental analyzer coupled to an Isoprime 100 isotope ratio mass spectrometer in continuous flow mode. Sulphur isotopic compositions were calibrated relative to VCDT using IAEA-S-1 and NBS-127. Sample Integrity Sample integrity was assessed based on well-established criteria: collagen yields, C/N, C/S, and N/S ratios, and elemental percent values. Samples from the Skyway and Robb sites produced collagen yields and C/N values suggesting poor collagen preservation and were therefore excluded. All other samples produced acceptable collagen integrity indicators, suggesting that stable isotope values have not been altered by diagenetic processes.